Based on real-biogas tests · Final design Q3 2027

Electricity and heat from raw biogas.

A 3.1 kW dual-fuel biogas/diesel generator for farms and off-grid sites. The engine burns raw biogas through novel technology developed in university research: no scrubbing of H2S needed up to about 2,000 ppmv.

OutputIdle 0.0kW
Biogas in
Diesel in
Electricity out
Hot exhaust out
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What's in it for you

A win for your farm: you pay less for power, and you get value out of the waste you already have.

  • Turn your waste into power

    Manure and crop residue from your digester become electricity. You harvest value from what you already have.

  • Burn less diesel

    Biogas covers half of the fuel energy, so you buy half the diesel of a diesel-only generator.

  • No gas-cleaning kit to buy

    It runs on raw biogas, with no scrubbing of H2S needed up to about 2,000 ppmv. No scrubbers or cleaning media to buy, replace or service.

This is for you if

  • You have a biogas digester, or manure and crop waste to feed one.
  • You run a diesel generator, or pay for diesel, today.
  • You want power on the farm without a gas-cleaning bill.

What you need on site

  • A biogas supply, piped to one inlet on the unit.
  • A diesel supply, piped to a second inlet.
  • Floor space for about 80 × 50 × 50 cm and 30 kg.
  • Someone to change the oil and filters every 200 operating hours.

Probably not for you if

  • You have no biogas and no plan to make any.
  • You need more than 3.1 kW from a single unit.
  • You need a unit this month: the final design is due in Q3 2027.

What could you save?

Tell us how much diesel you burn for power today. We will show you a rough saving.

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Example numbers

You could save about

$120a month

About $1,440 a year

A rough estimate. The unit gets half of its fuel energy from biogas, so you would buy half the diesel you burn in a diesel-only generator today. Your real saving depends on your generator, your load and how much biogas you have.

Raw biogas, scrubbed biogas or diesel only?

How a generator that runs on raw biogas compares with the usual alternatives. The last column is our own design data; the other two are general facts, with sources below.

  • 0gas-cleaning kits to buy, replace or service
  • 1:1raw biogas to diesel
  • 200 hbetween services: engine oil and filters
Comparison of a diesel-only generator, an engine on scrubbed biogas and a raw biogas and diesel generator
QuestionDiesel-only generatorEngine on scrubbed biogasOur designRawWattraw biogas and diesel
H2S scrubbing
Not applicable. No biogas is used.
Needed. Reciprocating engines generally tolerate about 200 ppmv of H2S, and raw biogas commonly holds 200 to 1,500 ppmv, so it is removed first.1,4
Not needed up to about 2,000 ppmv H2S. Runs on raw biogas.2
Gas-cleaning cost
None.
Every scrubbing method needs a catalyst or consumable to be replaced or refilled, and used media must be disposed of.1,5
None. No scrubber media to buy, replace or dispose of.
Engine service
Standard diesel service.
Engine oil may need changing more often when H2S levels are high, and the engine can wear faster.1,3
Oil and filters every 200 operating hours.2
Diesel use
All of the fuel is diesel.
Depends on the engine: a dual-fuel engine still burns diesel, a gas-only engine does not.
Half the diesel of a diesel-only unit: biogas and diesel in a 1:1 ratio.2
Status
Established technology.
Established practice, widely used.1
Based on real-biogas tests. Final design due Q3 2027. Not yet for sale.2
  • Advantage
  • Drawback
  • Neutral, or depends on the setup
  • Share of the fuel that is diesel
  1. Cornell University, Dairy Environmental Systems: Hydrogen sulfide removal from biogas: basics (2017).
  2. Design data and real-biogas test results. Not independently verified.
  3. Bertinatto et al. (2017), Analysis of lubricant oil contamination and degradation and wear of a biogas-fed Otto cycle engine, Acta Scientiarum. Technology 39(4): 409–416, DOI 10.4025/actascitechnol.v39i4.29458. Finds that H2S affects lubricant oil performance and engine wear.
  4. Potter and Chambers (2002), Gas utilization from sewage waste: H2S levels in biogas and what engines and turbines tolerate.
  5. Ryckebosch, Drouillon and Vervaeren (2011), Techniques for transformation of biogas to biomethane, Biomass and Bioenergy 35(5): 1633–1645.

Four connections. Nothing to open.

You connect biogas and diesel, take electricity out, and use the hot exhaust if you want to heat water. What happens inside is the unit's job.

  1. Step 1

    Farm waste

    Manure and crop residue go into your digester.

  2. Step 2

    Digester

    The digester produces raw biogas. No cleaning stage in between.

  3. Step 3

    Generator unit

    A standard diesel engine. Biogas and diesel go in; electricity and a hot exhaust outlet come out.

  4. Step 4

    Power and heat

    Electricity for the site. Exhaust heat can be piped to warm water.

Specification, as designed

Everything about the unit in one place. Figures are design values; the final specification will be confirmed with the final design.

What it is
RawWatt is a dual-fuel generator that burns raw biogas and diesel in a standard diesel engine, with no scrubbing of H2S needed up to about 2,000 ppmv.
Made for
Farms, cooperatives, NGOs and development programmes that already have a biogas digester
Rated output
3.1 kW AC output
Engine
Standard diesel engine, dual-fuel
Fuels
Raw biogas and diesel, 1:1 ratio by energy
Size and weight
About 80 × 50 × 50 cm, 30 kg, closed cabinet
Connections
Biogas in, diesel in, electrical outlet, hot exhaust outlet
Routine maintenance
Engine oil and filters every 200 operating hours, like any diesel engine
Hot exhaust
Outlet can be piped to heat water
Testing
Based on real-biogas tests
Price
On request. Not yet for sale
Final design
Q3 2027

Data sheet, one page (PDF)The same specification as above, to save, print or forward.

Download PDF

Last updated

Gonza Montenegro, designer of the RawWatt generator

The engineer behind the design

Gonza Montenegro is an aeronautical engineer from Imperial College London, who also studied at ETH Zürich and the National University of Singapore. He designed RawWatt to turn biogas into electricity for farms in places like Malawi. The design is based on real-biogas tests, and the final design is due in Q3 2027. He is now looking for the first farms and cooperatives to build it for.

  • 2021–26
    Imperial College London MEng, Aeronautical Engineering Thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, propulsion, computational fluid dynamics
  • 2026
    ETH Zürich Master's thesis · Global Health Engineering research group Biogas dual-fuel combustion for electricity generation in Malawi
  • 2024–25
    National University of Singapore Year abroad Heat transfer, internal combustion engines, energy systems optimisation

Key terms: raw biogas generators explained

Plain-language definitions of the words used on this page.

Raw biogas
Gas straight from the digester, before any cleaning. It is mostly methane and carbon dioxide, with small amounts of water vapour and other gases such as H2S (US EPA).
Scrubbing (gas cleaning)
Removing H2S from biogas before it is burned. Methods include iron-based media, such as iron chloride powder or iron “wool”, and air dosing. All of them need a catalyst or consumable to be replaced or refilled, and used media must be disposed of (Ryckebosch et al., 2011) (Cornell University).
H2S
Hydrogen sulphide: a colourless, corrosive, poisonous gas that smells of rotten eggs and forms when organic material breaks down without oxygen. In raw biogas it commonly measures 200 to 1,500 ppmv and can reach 10,000 ppmv, depending on the feed (Potter and Chambers, 2002); in dairy manure biogas it is generally 600 to over 7,000 ppm (Cornell University). It is the main reason biogas is usually scrubbed before it goes into an engine.
Sulphuric acid attack
Corrosion by sulphuric acid. Damp biogas condenses water on cold metal, and burning H2S forms sulphur oxides that turn into sulphuric acid, which dissolves iron (Montenegro, 2026).
Sulphidation
Hot, dry corrosion in the combustion chamber, where sulphur compounds react with valves, piston rings and cylinder walls and form metal sulphides (Montenegro, 2026).
TBN (total base number)
A measure of how much acid an engine oil can neutralise before it turns acidic and corrosive. Diesel engine oils generally have a higher TBN than petrol engine oils (Fubex Lubricants, 2025).
Dual-fuel
An engine that burns two fuels together. Here, raw biogas is mixed with the intake air and diesel is injected to ignite it. The two fuels supply equal shares of the energy, 1:1 by heating value (Ambarita, 2017; Montenegro, 2026).
kW and kWh
kW (kilowatt) is power: how much electricity a machine can deliver at one moment. This generator is rated at 3.1 kW AC. kWh (kilowatt-hour) is energy: a 1 kW load running for one hour uses 1 kWh.
Digester
A built system, such as a sealed tank, where bacteria break down manure and other organic waste without oxygen, producing biogas (US EPA). Also called an anaerobic digester or biodigester.

Questions about raw biogas generators

Short answers on running a generator on raw biogas, with sources you can check.

What is a raw biogas generator?

It is a generator whose engine burns biogas straight from the digester, without the gas-cleaning step (scrubbing) that is normally used to remove H2S first. Biogas is mostly methane and carbon dioxide, made when bacteria break down manure and other organic waste without oxygen. More on how digesters work: US EPA: frequent questions about anaerobic digestion.

Why is H2S a problem for biogas engines?

H2S is a corrosive, poisonous gas found in biogas. In an engine it attacks metal in two ways. The first is sulphuric acid attack: biogas leaves the digester saturated with water vapour, so water condenses on cold metal, and burning H2S forms sulphur oxides that become sulphuric acid (H2SO4). The acid dissolves iron and turns the engine oil acidic, most of all during cold starts. The second is sulphidation: in the hot combustion chamber, sulphur compounds react with the valves, piston rings and cylinder walls and form metal sulphides (Montenegro, 2026). This is why biogas is usually scrubbed before it goes into an engine. See also this Cornell University fact sheet on H2S in biogas. Our unit is designed to run without that scrubbing step, up to about 2,000 ppmv of H2S, and the design is based on real-biogas tests.

How much H2S does raw biogas contain, and how much can an engine take?

It depends on what feeds the digester. Raw biogas commonly holds 200 to 1,500 ppmv of H2S (parts per million by volume) and can reach 10,000 ppmv. Reciprocating engines are generally rated for about 200 ppmv, while gas turbines tolerate up to about 5,000 ppmv (Potter and Chambers, 2002; Montenegro, 2026). Our design is based on real-biogas tests at up to about 2,000 ppmv of H2S.

What is a dual-fuel biogas and diesel generator?

It runs on biogas and diesel together. The biogas is mixed with the air entering the engine and diesel is injected to ignite it, because biogas cannot ignite by compression alone (Ambarita, 2017). The two fuels supply equal shares of the energy, 1:1 by heating value (Montenegro, 2026), so you buy half the diesel of a diesel-only generator.

Why a diesel engine?

Four reasons. Diesel engines can burn biogas in dual-fuel mode without major modifications (Ambarita, 2017). Their oils have a higher total base number (TBN, about 10 to 14 mg KOH/g against 7 to 10 for petrol engine oils), so they neutralise more acid before the oil turns corrosive (Fubex Lubricants, 2025). Their higher compression ratio (about 20:1 against 8:1) keeps the cylinder walls hotter, further from the temperature where sulphuric acid condenses (Montenegro, 2026). And diesel generators and mechanics are already everywhere: in Malawi, off-grid diesel capacity is about as large as the whole grid, 0.5 GW each (Ferris, 2022).

How much diesel could I save?

Half of what a diesel-only generator would use, as a first estimate. Use the savings calculator above with your own diesel use and price. It is an estimate, not a guarantee: the real figure depends on your biogas supply and how you run the unit.

Who is a biogas generator like this for?

Farms, cooperatives, NGOs and development programmes that already have a biogas digester and want electricity from it. Biogas programmes across Africa have installed thousands of household digesters (see energypedia: African Biogas Partnership Programme); our unit is for turning that gas into electric power. For technical background on biogas worldwide, see IEA Bioenergy Task 37: Energy from Biogas.

Why design it for places like Malawi?

Because electricity is scarce there. The World Bank reports that about 25.9% of Malawi's population has electricity access today, with 11.3% on the national grid and 14.6% on off-grid solutions (World Bank, May 2026). Farms with a digester already have a local fuel; the missing piece is an engine that can use it. Its grid is about 98% hydropower, and floods in the rainy season can force plants offline and cut supply (Taulo et al., 2015).

What does maintenance involve?

The service is very simple: engine oil and filters, every 200 operating hours. There is no gas-cleaning kit to service, because the unit runs on raw biogas.

Can I buy one now?

Not yet. This page shows concept renders only. The design is based on real-biogas tests and the final design is due in Q3 2027. You can request a quote and register interest now, and we reply within 72 hours. Price is on request.

References for these answers

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